2668
Views & Citations1668
Likes & Shares
The effect of different bioformulations of viz.,
single strain inoculation, co-inoculation and natural co-aggregates application
of PGPB cells viz., Bradyrhizobium and Methylobacterium together with
supplementation of salicylic acid and challenge inoculation of Sclerotium rolfsii on the enhancement of
growth and yield in rainfed groundnut with special emphasis to biocontrol
against stem rot disease (Sclerotium
rolfsii) the application of co-aggregates (natural) along with the
salicylic acid could augment the plant height, root, shoot dry weight, nodules
number and weight, disease incidence, seed weight and haulm yield of groundnut
to a higher level followed by
co-aggregates (natural), co-inoculation with salicylic acid, co-inoculation, vegetative
cells with salicylic acid and vegetative cells alone treatments. Moreover the
“Intergeneric PGPB co-aggregates with salicylic acid application” and augmented
the ISR mediated biocontrol of stem rot pathogen (Sclerotium rolfsii) a destructive fungal disease of groundnut crop
and thus reduced the biological and environmental hazards and improved the crop
productivity of rainfed groundnut.
Keywords:
Groundnut, PGPB, CO-Inoculation, Sclerotium
rolfsii, Stem rot
INTRODUCTION
Stem rot disease of groundnut, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii sacc., is one of the
most destructive fungal disease of groundnut, causing pod yield losses upto 90%
under severe condition [1] and has a ubiquitous occurrence in almost all the
groundnut growing countries of the world, including, India. Infection is usually
restricted to plant parts that are indirect contact with the soil, usually S. rolfsii attacks stems, roots, leaves,
pegs and pods of groundnut plant. Initial disease symptoms comprise small,
water-soaked lesions on the lower stem or near the soil surface followed by
yellowing and wilting of the lateral branches, main stem and eventually the
entire plant. Diagnostic signs of the fungus, include, characteristic white
myeclial growth and brown sclerotia extending from the infected tissues.
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of different
bioformulations of viz., single
strain inoculation,
Rectangular cement pots with 18" × 12" × 12" size were
filled with 45 kg of groundnut field soil flooded with water for 2 days and
brought to fine puddle condition. After draining the excess, water, groundnut
seeds were sown in rows in the pots, separately. The age of the seedlings were
counted from the time of sowing. The experiment was arranged in randomized
block design (RBD) with three replications and the following were the
treatments viz.,
T1 - Control (100% NPK)
T2 - Bradyrhizobium alone
T3 - Methylobacterium alone
T4 - Bradyrhizobium+Salicylic acid
T5 - Methylobacterium+Salicylic acid
T6 - Bradyrhizobium+Methylobacterium
Co-I
T7 - Bradyrhizobium+Methylobacterium
Co-I+Salicylic acid
T8 - Bradyrhizobium+Methylobacterium
CoA
T9 - Bradyrhizobium+Methylobacterium
CoA+Salicylic acid
Groundnut plants were challenge inoculated by spraying S. rolfsii spore suspension (50,000
spore mL-1 inoculum level) on 10th DAS with an atomizer
and the control plant was sprayed with sterile water. High humidity was created
by sprinkling water frequently in the polyhouse. The experiment was maintained
under limited water supply as per the conditions prevailing in rainfed
ecosystem. Five representative samples of plant hills in each pot were
pegmarked for periodical observations.
Growth parameters
Effect on plant
growth: The
height of the plant from each treatment was measured at 30th and 45th
days after sowing (DAS). The mean value of plants from three replications was
recorded.
N content of plant: The plant samples were collected
at 30th and 45th day after sowing (DAS), washed in water,
air dried and later dried to a constant weight in an oven at 60°C. Then, they
were powdered, sieved and 100 mg of sample was taken for analysis. The total
nitrogen content was estimated by Microkjeldahl method.
Nodule numbers and
dry weight: The
rhizosphere soil (loosely adhered soil with groundnut roots after shaking-off)
was collected and air dried for 2 days. After air drying, the nodules were
removed from the root and they were counted and weighed.
Yield parameters
Pod and seed weight: The pod and seed weight per plant
was recorded. The thousand grain weight was taken at 14% moisture level for all
the samples and recorded in grams.
Haulm yield of
groundnut: The
matured crop was harvested, hand threshed and sun dried. The dried grains from
each treatment were weighed and recorded. After threshing, groundnut stalk was
subjected to sun drying and the weight was recorded.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The experimental results were statistically analyzed in randomized
block design (RBD) and in Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) as per the
procedure described by Gomez and Gomez [6].
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Regarding the different formulations of Bradyrhizobium and
Methylobacterium cells, the application of co-aggregates (natural) along with
the salicylic acid could augment the plant height, root, shoot dry weight,
nodules number and weight, disease incidence, seed weight and haulm yield of
groundnut to a higher level followed by co-aggregates (natural), co-inoculation
with salicylic acid, co-inoculation, vegetative cells with salicylic acid and
vegetative cells alone treatments.
CONCLUSION
1. Mehan VK, Mayee CD, McDonald D
(1994) Management of Sclerotium rolfsii
caused stem and pod rots of groundnut - A critical review. Int J Pest Manag 40:
313-320.
2. van Loon LC (2000) Systemic
induced resistance. In: Slusarenko AJ, Fraser RSS, Van Loon LC (eds) Mechanism
of resistance to plant diseases. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp: 521-574.
3. Bakker PAHM, Ram LX, Pieterse CMS,
Loon VC (2003) Understanding the involvement of rhizobacteria-mediated
induction of systematic resistance in biocontrol of plant disease. Can J Plant
Pathol 25: 5-9.
4. van Peer R, Niemann GJ, Schippers
B (1991) Induced resistance and phytoalexin accumulation in biological control
of Fusarium wilt of carnation by Pseudomonas
sp. strains wcs 417r. Phytopathol 81: 728-734.
5. Pieterse CMJ, van Wees SCM, van
Pelt JA, Knoester M, Laan R, et al. (1998) A novel signalling pathway
controlling induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 10:
1571-1580.
6. Gomez KA, Gomez AA (1984).
Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New
York 20-23: 187-240.
7. Okereke GU, Onochie CC, Onukwo OE,
Ekejindu GO (2000) Response of introduced Bradyrhizobium strains infection a
promiscuous soybean cultivar. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 16: 43-48.
8. Deshwal VK, Dubey RC, Maheshwari
DK (2003) Isolation of plant growth promoting strains of Bradyrhizobium arachis sp. with biocontrol potential against Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal
rot of peanut. Curr Sci 84: 443-448.
9. Afzal A, Bano A (2008) Rhizobium
and phosphate solubilizing bacteria improve the yield and phosphorus uptake in
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Int J
Agric Biol 10: 85-88.
10. Ghosh AC, Basu PS (2002) Growth
behaviour and bioproduction of indole acetic acid by a Rhizobium species
isolated from root nodules of a leguminous tree Dalbergia lanceolarea. Indian J Exp Biol 40: 796-801.
11. Madhaiyan M, Poonguzhali S,
Senthilkumar M, Seshadri S, Chung HK, et al. (2004) Growth promotion and
induction of systemic resistance in rice cultivar Co-47 (Oryza sativa L.) by Methylobacterium
spp. Bot Bull Acad Sin 45: 315-324.
12. Madhaiyan M, Poonguzhali S, Lee
HS, Hari K, Sundaran SP, et al. (2005) Pink-pigmented facultative
methylotrophic bacteria accelerate germination, growth and yield of sugarcane
clone Co86032 (Saaccharum officinarum L.). Biol Fertil Soils 41:
350-358.
13. Omer ZS, Tombolini R, Broberg A,
Gerhardson B (2004) Indole-3-acetic acid production by pink-pigmented
facultative methylotrophic bacteria. Plant Growth Regul 43: 93-96.
14. Madhaiyan, M, Suresh Reddy BV,
Anandham R, Senthilkumar M, Poonguzhali S, et al. (2006) Plant growth-promoting
Methylobacterium induces defences responses in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) compared with rot pathogens. Curr Microbiol
53: 270-276.
15.
Bremer
KM (1960) Determination of nitrogen of Kjeldhal method. J Agric Sci 55: 11-33.
QUICK LINKS
- SUBMIT MANUSCRIPT
- RECOMMEND THE JOURNAL
-
SUBSCRIBE FOR ALERTS
RELATED JOURNALS
- Journal of Astronomy and Space Research
- Journal of Genetics and Cell Biology (ISSN:2639-3360)
- Proteomics and Bioinformatics (ISSN:2641-7561)
- Journal of Genomic Medicine and Pharmacogenomics (ISSN:2474-4670)
- Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (ISSN:2641-6948)
- Journal of Microbiology and Microbial Infections (ISSN: 2689-7660)
- Advances in Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Research (ISSN: 2688-5476)