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One important factor in cotton plants is rainfall.
Rainfall is a determining factor for cotton cultivation in both paddy fields
and dry land. Rainfall distribution analysis was conducted based on a series of
long-term rainfall data to determine the chance of rainfall in various amounts
of rainfall in Kampar District (Gunung Sahilan sub-district) as one indicator
of the success of cotton development in Riau. By knowing the distribution of
rain during the planting season, additional requirements for irrigation water
can be determined. Rainfall during the rainy season is distributed from
November to April and has a chance of falling (60%) between 200-250 mm/month.
From May to October (dry season) the average amount of rain is less than 50
mm/month with a 60% chance of rain. Planting cotton and soybeans should be done
as soon as possible, no later than a week after rice is harvested or early
March. Rice planting is carried out at the beginning of the rainy season,
November or December. If the total rainfall during the cotton growing season is
more than 500 mm, the additional need for irrigation water in cotton plants is
around 100 mm which can be given twice as irrigation. Additional irrigation
water can be done by direct watering, the source of which comes from shallow
wells that are scattered in several locations. The need for water will increase
if cotton and soybean planting time is increasingly retreating. The use of
shallow and embung (shallow water in the form of puddles) wells is highly
recommended to meet water needs in the dry season, and management of plants,
among others, by regulating plant density and mulching is also recommended to
suppress evaporation.
Keywords: Cotton,
Gossypium hirsutum, Distribution of rain,
Rain, Planting time, Riau
INTRODUCTION
Cotton plants need certain requirements to
grow and develop well. One of the factors affecting the success of cotton
plants in Indonesia is rainfall. Not only does the amount of rainfall affect
cotton production, but more importantly is its distribution during growth. Cotton
plants require adequate water availability requirements, especially for
germination and growth as well as dry conditions at harvest [1].
Rainfall and its distribution during the
growing season have a significant effect on cotton production. Cotton is developed
by intercropping with secondary crops so there is a very complex interaction
between two or more plants in the use of water, light, and nutrients. If all
three of these factors can be managed properly, the two plants will complement
each other in resource use.
Kampar Regency is one of the centers of
cotton development in Riau which is often an indicator of the success of cotton
in Indonesia in general and Riau in particular. About 67% of the cotton area in
Riau is in Kampar Regency and accounts for 81% of the yield of seed cotton. The
average productivity of cotton produced can reach 1.1-1.4 tons/ha [2]. The
rainfed rice fields available in Kampar Regency are quite extensive but their
utilization is less than 10%. The cotton area in Kampar in 2005 was 1,097 ha
[2]. Thus the development opportunities are quite extensive and with the
support of available cultivation technology, the development of cotton in paddy
fields has the opportunity to increase the area and national cotton production.
In the intercropping system, cotton yield
loss due to competition with soybeans reaches 20-40% [3]. To reduce
The results of land suitability assessment
for cotton plants in Riau paddy fields indicate that 22,265 ha of land is very
suitable (S1) where 12,020 ha of land is located in Kampar District [6]. The
definition of land is a very suitable island that does not have or a few
limiting factors for its use. Soils that have the potential to develop cotton
in Kampar belong to Vertisols with very high clay content (>30%) and have
fractures and close periodically. Such properties of the soil are also found in
the districts of Ngawi, Madiun, Bojonegoro and Gresik [7].
With the existing rainfall pattern that runs
from November to April, the determination of planting both rice and cotton
afterward must be adjusted. The habit of local farmers maintaining cotton after
the soybeans are harvested so that the age of cotton increases in length and
the time of harvesting of cotton is getting longer. With the growing age of cotton
plants, the certainty of water availability is very important. As the second
crop after rice or secondary crops causes’ cotton planting time to retreat
frequently, as a result, it is often faced with drought conditions which cause
production to decline due to increased pest attacks.
Rainfall after harvesting soybeans is still
needed because at that time the cotton is still in the flowering phase or the
beginning of fruit formation, although physiologically the plant is 90 days old
after planting. Branch formation and development is hampered because the
spacing between cotton and soybeans is very tight. After the soybeans are
harvested the branches of the new cotton plant can develop well. With a
relatively short distribution of rain from November to April, cotton planting
time needs to be regulated, especially should be adjusted to the pattern of
water requirements and local rainfall patterns. The withdrawal of cotton
planting time is usually associated with a decline in rice planting time and
land preparation for cotton plants after rice is harvested.
This paper presents information on the
distribution of rainfall throughout the year as a basis for consideration for
the timing of planting cotton in paddy fields after paddy in Kampar, as well as
the additional need for irrigation water for cotton in relation to the time of
planting cotton.
IN COTTON
DEVELOPMENT
Kampar district
Cotton plants in Kampar are jointly developed
or inserted between soybean plants in rainfed lowland fields. Planting the two
plants was carried out after the rice plants were harvested. Cotton plants need
intensive maintenance after the soybeans are harvested because in that period
they have entered the dry season so that the fulfillment of water needs for
cotton is very limited.
The pattern of planting in rainfed lowland is
paddy – secondary crops I– secondary crops II. In areas where limited rainfall
of secondary crops often does not provide good yields, cotton can, therefore,
be planted together with soybeans in the intercropping system, so that the
cropping pattern becomes rice-soybean+cotton. The opportunity to develop cotton
in Kampar Regency is very high because it can be planted with soybeans in
rainfed rice fields after rice. The area of soybeans that can be utilized is still
very widely available because the newly developed ones only reach 3-6%. The
available soybean area and can be used together with cotton ranges from
21,649-25,956 ha [8]. Most cotton production in Riau comes from Kampar Regency (Table 1). Table 1 shows that an increase in the production area is not always
followed by a significant increase in production. In conditions where the
El-Nino phenomenon occurred in 1997 which was marked by decreasing rainfall,
the area and cotton production decreased.
As in other regions, the success of cotton
plants in Kampar Regency is also strongly influenced by climate factors,
especially rainfall after soybeans are harvested. This is closely related to
the need for water for cotton that is still large, while the availability of
water begins to decrease due to entering the dry season.
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION
AS BASIC FOR DETERMINING COTTON PLANT TIME IN KAMPAR
The climate type in Kampar Regency is
dominated by D (moderate) according to Schmith and Ferguson, such as climate
types in Mojokerto, Pasuruan, Probolinggo and parts of Banyuwangi [9]. Opportunities
to obtain rainfall in various outpourings are presented in Figure 1. The opportunity for rain is calculated based on the
average monthly rainfall observation data for the last 20 years or the
frequency of occurrences from 20 years of observation in the Gunung Sahilan
District, Kampar.
In the dry season, which is characterized by
collecting observational data (60% chance) on rainfall, less than 100 mm/month
occurs from May to October. Although rain can reach more than 100 mm/month at
the beginning of the dry season (May) but the chance is less than 10%, as an
indication of the transition into the dry season. During this period the
average rainfall ranges from 0-50 mm/month. The practice of new farmers
planting cotton in April or May or planting in the dry season is the
availability of water has started to decrease. This fact causes a decrease in
the availability of water in the soil because of the decreasing outpouring of
rain. In May or June, rainfall reaches 250 mm but the frequency of occurrence
is below 10%.
By considering the length of the rainy and
dry season, the need for cotton water, and the rice-soybean+cotton cropping
pattern, to avoid water shortages in the next crop after rice, at the beginning
of the rainy season (November/December) farmers must have planted rice and at
the latest a week after rice is harvested, soybeans and cotton must be planted.
The presence of drought-resistant cotton varieties or early maturing varieties
is expected to anticipate climate change or shift in planting time, which is
currently still in the stage of adaptation testing in several development
locations.
Setting the planting time is highly
recommended for areas that are very dependent on rainfall as a success factor.
Hearn and Fitt [1] also report that late cotton planting can reduce cotton
production. Therefore planting time is determined so that the length of the
planting season is in accordance with the needs of the plant. Furthermore,
delaying planting time can increase pest populations.
Soybean and cotton planting immediately after
the rice harvest is highly recommended so that cotton is still getting enough
rain, especially in early March so that by the end of May soybeans can be harvested,
while cotton at that time was still in the period of fruit formation and
development. The dryness that occurs during this period can reduce fiber length
so that it is easily broken during spinning. To stimulate cotton growth,
additional water and nutrients need to be added because in April/May rainfall
has begun to decrease. Additional water and nutrients are needed to perfect the
formation of cotton in the middle and upper branches that are expected to be
harvested. This has something to do with the effect of intercropping with
soybean planting systems which can inhibit the formation of vegetative branches
and lower generative branches.
Besides soil and plant factors, the
availability of water for cotton plants after soybeans are harvested is needed
so that nutrient uptake by plants can run well. Nutrient uptake of N, P and K
by the most cotton plants in the flower bud formation phase until
fertilization, i.e., 30-40% N, 31-35% P and 23-53% K [7]. Thus in these phases,
the availability of water is absolutely necessary so that cotton productivity
increases.
The opportunity for rain can also be seen in Figure 2, where the chance of rain
>60% occurs from November to March. In April there is a transition from the
rainy season to the dry season. The intended rain opportunity is to get rain
>20 mm/week. In Figure 2, it can
be seen that in the dry months the chance of rain ranges from 20%, and when
compared with Figure 1 it can be
seen that rainfall accumulates in the range of 0-50 mm/month, this indicates that
in May-October the dry season has entered.
IRRIGATION
ADDITIONAL NEEDS
In cotton
The addition of irrigation water is intended
to meet the water needs of cotton plants, because when soybeans are harvested
cotton still needs a lot of water. Water requirements at various phases and the
level of productivity to be achieved can be seen in Table 2. The higher the level of productivity to be achieved, the
more water needs. To get a cotton productivity level of 500 kg/ha, a minimum of
500-790 mm of water is needed and to achieve a higher level of cotton
productivity of 2,000-2,500 kg/ha, it takes 690-1,078 mm of water for 140 days
from planting to completion.
Riajaya [13] calculated that the average
evapotranspiration of cotton and soybean intercropping was 550 mm during its
growth, assuming irrigation efficiency of 70% (average for furrow irrigation),
the total water requirement needed to be 7.9 ml/ha which could be fulfilled
from irrigation (50%), rainfall (30%) and water stored in the soil (20%).
Approximately 95% of fiber production comes
from fruits formed in the 8th-12th week after planting [14]. During this period
cotton is very vulnerable to water shortages. Actually, cotton still needs
water before harvest but does not require rain, meaning that water must be
sufficiently available in the soil. Therefore the choices of soil type and
water conservation techniques need to be considered. Excessive irrigation water
supply will cause [15]. Therefore delaying planting time does not only reduce
the groundwater condition quickly but also increases the frequency and total
irrigation needed and irrigation costs. The decrease in water availability will
ultimately reduce the productivity and income of farmers.
Wet groundwater conditions at the beginning
of the cotton and soybean growing season or in the second cropping period which
is supported by adequate rainfall will greatly help meet the water needs of plants
until approximately one month after planting, besides also depending on the
distribution of rainfall and planting time. Therefore planting cotton
intercropping with soybeans should be done as soon as possible after rice is
harvested; especially to utilize the remaining groundwater and rainfall so that
the first irrigation can be delayed until it reaches 50 mm cumulative
evapotranspiration on clay and 40 mm on clay [16]. Some also get high cotton
yield by accelerating planting in paddy fields after rice which is done without
tillage needed depends on the availability of existing land, usually utilizing
low basin or land areas which are not effective land for agriculture. In
addition, crop management by regulating the density of plants to reduce evaporation,
adjusting the planting season with rain patterns and using plant remnants as
mulch to reduce evaporation is highly recommended [17,18]. These techniques are
intended to improve the efficiency of water use by suppressing water loss
through evaporation. In the intercropping system, it has actually implemented a
method of planting closely, starting at the age of 30 days after planting the
canopy, the two intercropped plants overlap so that the evaporation will
decrease. In such conditions weed growth will decrease.
In principle, rainwater conservation
techniques consist of in-situ conservation, namely maximizing the use of
rainwater on land and harvesting run-offs so that plants can be reused [19]. To
be able to apply the water conservation techniques appropriately, the available
climate factors, soil and water resources need to be considered [20,21].
CONCLUSION
Rainfall in the rainy season is distributed
from November to April and has a chance of falling (60%) by 200-250 mm/month.
From May to October (dry season) the average amount of rain is less than 50
mm/month with a 60% chance of rain. With limited distribution and amount of
rain, planting cotton and soybeans is done simultaneously as soon as possible
at the latest one week after rice is harvested or early March, especially to
utilize the remaining groundwater and rainfall at the beginning of the season.
Rice planting should be done at the beginning of the rainy season in November
or December [22-24].
In addition, to meet the needs of cotton
water in the dry season the making of shallow wells on adjacent land or embung
is highly recommended, and the application of crop management includes
regulating plant density, adjusting the planting season with rain patterns, and
using plant remnants as mulch.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There is no internal conflict with any party
and any institution.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT/FUNDING
This study uses a source of personal funds.
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