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Hyperlipidemia is a heterogeneous group of disorders
characterized by an excess of lipids in the bloodstream. The concentrations of
lipids, such as triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (TC) and low density
lipoprotein (LDL) increase or the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL)
decrease in the blood. Hyperlipidemia is becoming a major health problem in the
world recently even in human and companion animal clinic.
Keywords: Lipids,
Hyperlipidemia, High fat diet, Cholesterol
INTRODUCTION
Hyperlipidemia is
modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases,
including coronary heart disease, cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction and
renal failure are becoming a major health problem in the world recently [1].
These lipids include cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids and
triglycerides. Increased levels of LDL are related to the development of
atherosclerosis [2,3]. HDL plays an important role in removing cholesterol from
tissues and protecting against cardiovascular disease.
Jacobson [3] reported
that hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids and cholesterol in the
blood and it is also identified as dyslipidemia, to describe the manifestations
of different disorders of lipoprotein metabolism. The term hyperlipidemia
refers to increased concentrations of lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol or
both) in the blood stream, increased blood concentrations of triglycerides
referred to as hypertriglyceridemia, while increased blood concentrations of
cholesterol are referred to as hypercholesterolemia [1,4-6]. Another related
condition, dyslipidemia indicates disorders of lipoprotein metabolism,
including lipoprotein overproduction or deficiency. These disorders may
manifest with the elevation of serum total cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein
(LDL), triglyceride concentrations and a decrease in the High Density
Lipoprotein (HDL) concentration. The main aim of treatment hyperlipidemia is to
reduce the risk of developing ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular disease.
REASON OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA
Dietary intake may not be the major source of
cholesterol, of which 80% is synthesized in the body. It may be true that
dietary intake affects the amount of total cholesterol somewhat [7], but it can
also be synthesized endogenously by the liver and other tissues. Several
diseases have been reported to cause hyperlipidemia. Endocrine disease most
commonly, canine hyperlipidemia is the result of an endocrine disorder, such as
hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus or hyperadrenocorticism [6,8-10].
Hyperlipidemia can be the result of an
inherited disease in certain breeds of dogs [8]. In pets, hyperlipidemia most
often occurs as a consequence of some disorder, hyperlipidemia even can also
occur spontaneously after a meal of high-fat diet, particularly table scraps
[9,10]. Hyperlipidemia is seen most commonly in ponies, miniature horses, and
donkeys, and less frequently in standard-size adult horses [11]. In
non-ruminants, including primates and man, hyperlipidemia may be increased by
dietary manipulations such as feeding excessive cholesterol or fats with high
saturated fatty acid content [12-17].
DISCUSSION
Hyperlipidemia is a major modifiable risk
factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Increased levels of LDL
are related to the development of atherosclerosis [6,13]. HDL plays an
important role in removing cholesterol from tissues and protecting against
cardiovascular disease.
Karam [18,19] reported that the
hyperlipidemia disease model was constructed successfully in rats by feeding
with high fat diet. Causing histopathological changes in liver was partly
supported by H&E staining and indicated that a high fat diet accumulated
fat in hepatic tissue cells [16]. High fat diet can finally cause fatty liver.
That means high fat diet successfully induced hyperlipidemia in rats [17].
Certainly, these changes may be able to be explained in part by the elevated
cholic acids. Cholic acid is synthesized in the liver and secreted in the
gallbladder or intestine [18].
There are many chemical drugs that could
ameliorate hyperlipidemia such as: statins, fibrates, ezetimibe and nicotinic
acid, but most of them are expensive and have undesirable effect [19]. Many
herbal medicinal products were reported to have a potential to reduce lipid and
cholesterol in body and to enhance the safety profile by elevating HDL levels
and inhibiting lipid oxidation, such as Berberine which had regulation effect
on hyperlipidemia indexes [20-23]. The major portion of the global population
in developing countries still relies on botanical drugs to meet its health
needs [22]. The attention paid by health authorities to the use of herbal
medicines has increased considerably, because herbal medicines they are often
only medicine available in less developed areas and because they are becoming a
popular alternative treatment in more developed areas [20].
So there are increasing interest in
alternative drug for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia. Currently
available hyperlipidemic drugs have been associated with a number of side
effects. Therefore, now it’s important to search for drug that is less toxic,
less expensive, which can provide better safety and efficacy on a long term
usage.
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Xu QY, Liu YH, Zhang Q,
Ma B, Yang ZD, et al. (2014) Metabolomic analysis of simvastatin and
fenofibrate intervention in high-lipid diet-induced hyperlipidemia rats. Acta
Pharmacologica Sinica 35: 1265.
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Smith SC, Jackson R,
Pearson TA, Fuster V, Yusuf S, et al. (2004) Principles for national and
regional guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention: A scientific
statement from the World Heart and Stroke Forum. Circulation 109: 3112-3121.
3.
Jacobson MS (1998)
Heart healthy diets for all children: No longer controversial. J Pediatr 133:
1-2.
4.
Watson T, Barrie J
(1993) Lipoprotein metabolism and hyperlipidemia in the clog and cat: A review.
J Small Anim Pract 34: 479-487.
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Ford RB (1996) Clinical
management of lipemic patients. The Compendium on continuing education for the
practicing veterinarian (USA).
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Johnson MC (2005) Hyperlipidemia
disorders in dogs. Compendium 27: 361-370.
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Ahn J, Kim NS, Lee BK,
Park S (2017) Carbohydrate intake exhibited a positive association with the
risk of metabolic syndrome in both semi-quantitative food frequency
questionnaires and 24 h recall in women. J Korean Med Sci 32: 1474-1483.
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(2010) Lipid metabolism and hyperlipidemia in dogs. Vet J 183: 12-21.
9.
Whitney M (1992)
Evaluation of hyperlipidemias in dogs and cats. Semin Vet Med Surg.
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Bauer JE (2004)
Lipoprotein-mediated transport of dietary and synthesized lipids and lipid
abnormalities of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224: 668-675.
11.
Durham A (2006)
Clinical application of parenteral nutrition in the treatment of five ponies
and one donkey with hyperlipemia. Vet Record 158:159-64.
12.
Nestel P, Poyser A,
Hood R, Mills S, Willis M, et al. (1978) The effect of dietary fat supplements
on cholesterol metabolism in ruminants. J Lipid Res 19: 899-909.
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Smith S, Voûte J,
Fuster V (2006) Principles for national and regional guidelines on
cardiovascular disease prevention. Nature Publishing Group.
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Feng LJ, Yu CH, Ying
KJ, Hua J, Dai XY, et al. (2011) Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of total
flavonoids of Perilla frutescens
leaves in hyperlipidemia rats induced by high-fat diet. Food Res Int 44:
404-409.
15.
Ma N, Karam I, Liu XW,
Kong XJ, Qin Z, et al. (2017) UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based urine and plasma metabonomics
study on the ameliorative effects of aspirin eugenol ester in hyperlipidemia
rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 332: 40-51.
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Wu Q, Zhang H, Dong X,
Chen XF, Zhu ZY, et al. (2014) UPLC-Q-TOF/MS based metabolomic profiling of
serum and urine of hyperlipidemic rats induced by high fat diet. J Pharm Anal
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Stein EA, Lane M (1998)
Comparison of statins in hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Cardiol 81: 66B-69B.
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Li SH, Kong XJ, et al. (2015) Regulation effect of aspirin eugenol ester on
blood lipids in Wistar rats with hyperlipidemia. BMC Vet Res 11: 217.
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Karam I, Ma N, Liu XW,
Kong XJ, Zhao XL, et al. (2016) Lowering effects of aspirin eugenol ester on
blood lipids in rats with high fat diet. Lipids Health Dis 15: 196.
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Xiao HB, Sun ZL, Zhang
HB, Zhang DS (2012) Berberine inhibits dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice with
lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation. Pharmacol Rep 64: 889-895.
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Zhang X, Wu C, Wu H,
Sheng L, Su Y, et al. (2013) Anti-hyperlipidemic effects and potential
mechanisms of action of the caffeoylquinic acid-rich Pandanus tectorius fruit extract in hamsters fed a high fat-diet.
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Thomas S (2003)
Medications that lower cholesterol. J Lipid Res 33: 79-82.
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recipe of Chinese herbal medicine. Chin J Integr Med 14: 71-75.
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