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Review
A future science
of tiny microorganism plays a vital role in biomedical research specifically
emphasizing the microalgae. They are photosynthetic unicellular (prokaryotic
and eukaryotic) organisms that play a key role in fresh and marine habitats
[1]. In the last several decades, microalgae have produced various applications
in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries owing to the presence of several
primary and secondary metabolites such as glycolipids, vitamins, pigments,
proteins, fatty acids, and polysaccharides [2,3]. The recent scientific
progress from worldwide making effort in the area of microalgal biotechnology
has been undertaken, including genetic engineering to modify the strains of microalgae,
stress induced production of secondary metabolites using various chemicals
[4,5] and different stress conditions to enhance the species to produce more
bioactive compounds and biofuel [6]. Bio-medical applications of microalgae can
prevent alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease, coronary heart diseases, prostate
cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, and other chronic diseases.
The commercially used microalgal chemicals include β-carotene, lutein,
canthaxanthin, fucoxanthin, phycoerythrin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin and
lycopene. Several previous reports have also shown the carotenoid contents of
different strains of microalgae including Haematococcus
pluvialis, Nannochloropsis gladitana, Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella bardawil,
Dunaliella kona, Spirulina platensi, Arthrospira species and Chlorella zofingiensis [7-10].
Polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFAs) are found in microalgae cells. They are naturally
synthesized by microalgae. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids include γ-linolenic
acid (GLA, C18:3, n-6), α- linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3, n-3), eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA, C20:5, n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6, n-3), arachidonic
acid (AA, C20:4, n-6). They are important components of human development. As
they cannot be synthesized by mammalian cell, they are essential nutrients and
provided through the diet. PUFAs are important for the function of cerebral
cortex, skin, sperm, testicles and retina, and they could reduce the risk of
heart disease. Data from previous reports revealed, the most common microalgae
used in the production of rich PUFA are Porphyridium
cruentum, Crypthecodinium cohnii, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nannochloropsis
oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum Chlorella vulgaris, Schizochytrium sp,
Chlamydomonas variabills and Porphyridium
cruentum [11-16].
Microalgae
are considered today an important potential raw material for the production of a
variety of products, and they are useful in human nutrition, health and
pharmaceutical products. Based on their bioactive properties, this review will
summarize the potential use of microalgae-derived compounds to treat metabolic
dysfunction and hopefully contribute to the discovery of novel use of the bioactive
compounds for the treatment of human diseases and the application in microalgal
biotechnology.
Acknowledgement
Authors would like to thank UIC College Research
Grant R201620 for supporting this project.
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