Journal of Agriculture and Forest Meteorology Research (ISSN:2642-0449)
Review Article
Pistia stratiotes Ability to Use Organic Compounds in the Test of Media Culture
Kamaruddin Eddiwan*, Eni Sumiarsih and Evawani
Corresponding Author: Kamaruddin Eddiwan, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, University of The Riau, Campus Binawidya Jln HR Soebrantas, KM 12.5 Kecamatan Tampan, Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia
Received: July 19, 2018; Revised: March 28, 2019; Accepted: August 22, 2018
Citation: Eddiwan K, Sumiarsih E & Evawani. (2019) Pistia stratiotes Ability to Use Organic Compounds in the Test of Media Culture. J Agric Forest Meteorol Res, 2(2): 96-105.
Copyrights: ©2019 Eddiwan K, Sumiarsih E & Evawani. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Share :

  • 785

    Views & Citations

  • 10

    Likes & Shares

Apu-apu plant (Pistia stratiotes) is able to grow rapidly in culture medium given inorganic compounds. P. stratiotes cultured in a culture medium that has been given NPK fertilizer. P. stratiotes cultured in a culture medium that has been given NPK fertilizer. A CRD with 5 concentrations of inorganic fertilizers tested, i.e., 0 (Co); 15 (T1); 20 (T2); 35 (T3); and 50 g/10 L (T4). Observation of growth and decrease of the inorganic compound in culture medium was done 5 times, every 3 days. The results show that the best growth was identified in plants grown in T4. At the end of the experiment, 18.8 g BW with a daily growth rate was 17.9% of the baseline value of BW. On the 7th day of the experiment, the decrease was 0.187 mg/L (N) and 0.237 mg/L (P). So P. stratiotes were able to absorb relatively high N and P from water and use it for its growth.

 

Keywords: Pistia stratiotes, Growth, Inorganic materials absorption

INTRODUCTION

Pistia stratiotes is a species of water plants most commonly found in the public waters in Pekanbaru City, Riau. These aquatic plants usually grow in waters that have been polluted, especially those that contain a lot of organic waste, due to the large amount of waste disposal of the food industry, households, markets and so forth [1]. The waste has resulted in an increase in the content of inorganic compounds in general waters. As a result, the content of inorganic compounds in general waters around the city of Pekanbaru to be high and this, in turn, will affect the balance of the ecosystem of public waters [2].

Based on reports from previous researchers, public waters in Riau province at this time have many that experienced pollution, mainly due to the inorganic and organic material into the water in excess. Sajna et al. [3] states that the high content of inorganic compounds in waters can affect the abundance of organisms, but for certain organisms, such waters condition is still tolerable, although later there will be species domination in the ecosystem [4]. In an effort to control the imbalance of the ecosystem, and reduce the concentration of pollutants (organic and inorganic) in the common waters it can be done by utilizing the biological function of water plants, one of which can use Pistia stratiotes plants as phytoremediation [5].  The ability of Pistia stratiotes to decrease the content of organic and inorganic materials present in waters is very large and is environmentally friendly. The biological function of the Pistia stratiotes enables it to absorb the organic and inorganic compounds in the waters, and this capability varies greatly depending on the size of the plant [6]. One characteristic of hyper accumulator plants such as Pistia stratiotes is resistant to nutrients in high concentrations. Its root ability to absorb the soil from the ground is quite high when compared with other aquatic plants and it also has the ability to transplant and accumulate organic and inorganic materials from root to its canopy [7,8]. In addition, P. stratiotes have the ability to directly absorb C, O, H, from the air, N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg from pollutants and soil through their root organs. The ability of Pistia stratiotes to absorb the organic and inorganic compounds is due to the process of ion movement between the cells and penetrates its cell membranes [9]. Than Bey et al. [10] reported that the effect of feeding on fish pellets on the growth of Pistia stratiotes was able to reduce high levels of ammonia in the waters. However, the study still does not explain the ability of Pistia stratiotes to absorb nutrients N and P is. In this connection, this experiment wanted to know clearly about the ability of Pistia stratiotes to absorb the nutrients (N and P).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was conducted in February-March 2018 and tested at Aquatic Biology Laboratory Faculty of Fisheries and Marine University of Riau. Testing of Pistia stratiotes on N and P was done by using a completely random design with 1 factor and 5 levels. Then the pH, DO and temperature conditions during the experiment were observed.

Experimental design

In this experiment was used Completely Randomized Design. Treatment is an inorganic compound with 5 levels (dose 0, 15, 20, 35, 50 g) and repeated 5 times. Observations are made every 3 days for 15 days. The observed responses were changes in root length (cm), leaf (mm), number of leaves (sheets/plants), new shoots (fruit), biomass (wet weight) and Pistia stratiotes ability to absorb nitrate and phosphate compounds in experimental media [11,12]. The experimental container uses a circular plastic jar. While the Pistia stratiotes test sample used was 7 g weight, which was cultured in water as much as 10 L/container and on the bottom of the container was given 200 g of soil substrate from the reservoir in public waters.

Data analysis

Data of measurement result of NO3, PO4, pH, temperature were analyzed descriptively. Daily growth rate calculator (LPH) Pistia stratiotes used the formula:

Α = Wt –Wo / t

Information:

α=Daily growth rate (g/day);

Wt=Final weight of Pistia stratiotes (g)

Wo=Initial weight of Pistia stratiotes (g)

t=Length of maintenance (days)

The ability of Pistia stratiotes in absorbing organic compounds is calculated using the formula:

Rate P = Nutrientearly – Nutrientend / Tend - Tearly

While analyzing the change of wet weight (biomass) using SPSS Ver.17 with a significance level a=1%.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Pistia stratiotes water growth

Biomass increase: From the experimental results, it is known that the highest growth of wet weight of Pistia stratiotes occurred at 50 g treatment with the average of 18.8 g wet weight increase. At the 0 g treatment is known to be very slow growth with an average of 7.8 cm. The height of this wet weight growth is due to absorption of N and P elements from the culture medium so that it affects growth and is very good for the growth of Pistia stratiotes. Idris [38], the increase of biomass in aquatic plants can occur due to the presence of luxury consumption which is marked by the decrease of nutrients in the waters. Excessive Luxury consumption is a common response to water plants in accumulating N and P elements higher than normal and used for growth, as a form of food reserves to support its growth activity (Table 1 and Figure 1) [13]. Added new shoots: The result of the measurement of the new shoot increase is known to increase the most shots occur on the 15th day (5-12 shots) and at least occur on the 3rd day (1-2 shots). Many of its new buds are caused by growth activity as a result of the absorption of organic compounds present in the culture medium. While the small shoots are caused at the time of the 3rd day the plant is still adaptable and the energy obtained from organic compounds is still used for the growth of leaves and other organs and yet for shoot formation. Where the increase of inorganic compounds on the test medium tends to increase the new shoots in the Pistia stratiotes [14].

The highest number of shoots was found in the 50 g treatment with a shoot-increase range of 4-11 fruit/plants. The treatment of inorganic compound 0 g is the least shoot growth (0-4 fruits/plant), and this new shoot comes from stolen. A stolen is more formed on test media containing nutrients. Bey et al. [10], more stolen is formed on the test water which contains many nutrients (inorganic material) in high concentration so that the number of tillers produced more and more. The formation of saplings in the Pistia stratiotes plant comes from stolen.

Rijal [15] said that Pistia stratiotes are a plant that can breed not only generatively through pollination on flowers, but also vegetative. Breeding can be done because it is able to form stolen. The stolen can be cut off at the end and will be released and grow into a new individual. These aquatic plants can grow rapidly, as they can be done by generative and vegetative by using stolen so that with these abilities, plants can grow and can expand and form large colonies that can cover the entire surface of the waters available to them [16] (Table 2 and Figure 2). The growth of root length: The measurements on the longest root growth length of roots are 31.6 mm and the mean of 22 mm. This longest root addition is due to the ability of Pistia stratiotes to absorb the organic compounds optimally. While the shortest root growth occurs because in concentrations 20 and 35 the Pistia stratiotes cannot absorb organic compounds optimally. Sridhar [17] said that the tendency that increased doses of inorganic compounds on the test medium will prolong the growth of the Pistia stratiotes water roots. N nutrient elements will be absorbed through the roots first by the Pistia stratiotes water plant for the sake of growth [18].

At the 50 g treatment known to occur the largest growth of root length, with a total average growth of 13.2 cm. While the longest root length growth is on the treatment of 0 g inorganic compounds with a total growth rate of 10.4 cm. This can happen because the elements of nitrate and phosphate in the test medium affect root growth in plants. Sitrabio [19] said that the function of phosphorus (P) element for plants is for root growth, flowering, ripening fruit/seed/grain. The P element also serves for the preparation of cell nuclei, fats, and proteins. In addition, P element also serves to stimulate cell plant defense and enlarge cell tissue.

The treatment of inorganic compounds with a dose of 50 g has the longest root growth. This is caused by Pistia stratiotes water plants using N-nutrient elements in the test medium for root length growth. Walstad [20] explains that many N compounds in the waters will be able to accelerate the growth of roots but also can damage the plant because it can be toxic to the roots [21]. The Pistia stratiotes water plant utilizes the excess of N elements in test media for root growth (Table 3 and Figure 3). Increase in number of leaves: The highest number of leaves was found in the treatment of inorganic compound 35 g with a leaf range of 10-14 sheets/plant. While the least leaf growth was found in the treatment of 0 g with a leaf range of 11-13 sheets/plant. In the treatment of inorganic compound, 35 g is the highest leaf addition. This occurs because of the presence of excess nitrogen elements in the treatment of inorganic compounds 35 g. Sitrabio [19], nitrogen function for plants is for vegetative growth (to enlarge, enhance and green the leaves), nitrogen also serves to arrange chlorophyll and leaves [22]. Lack of nitrogen elements will cause the plant will experience slow growth/dwarf. The leaves will be yellowish-green, the size of the leaves narrow or small, and the leaves will quickly fall. Leaf number growth is one of the vegetative growth parameters for Pistia stratiotes [14].

Leaf growth is more likely to grow in high concentrations of inorganic compounds so that the number of leaves produced is also more numerous, but the number of leaves decreases with increasing dose of inorganic compounds on the test media, there has been a change of inorganic compounds into glutamine [23]. In the test medium, the ammonium changes into glutamine that takes place rapidly in the leaves will accelerate the formation of new leaves. The impact will be the number of leaves that many in a relatively short time (Table 4 and Figure 4). Leaf long growth: The long growth of leaves is seen from the increase of leaf length every 3 days for 15 days of research. The result of leaf length increases every 3 days is determined by the calculation of the initial leaf length less the length of leaf growth and then divided by the leaf length at 100%. Then, the largest increase in leaf length was found in the 15 g treatment with an increment percentage of 29.30% for 15 days of observation. While the smallest leaf length increase is in the treatment of inorganic compound 0 g with the percentage of leaf length increase of 19.31%. Based on observations known that inorganic compounds contained in the culture medium have affected the growth of Pistia stratiotes leaf length. N nutrients that are absorbed by water plants Pistia stratiotes more widely used to increase leaf length growth. The nitrates are nutrients needed by plants to grow and develop, while nitrate is a toxic compound that can kill water organisms [24]. The presence of nitrate in the waters is greatly influenced by industrial discharges, explosives, pyrolysis, and fertilization. Nitrate levels are typically low but nitrate levels can be very high in groundwater in nitrate/nitrogen fertilized areas.

From this experiment, it is known that leaf length growth is faster in giving the dosage of inorganic compound 15 g, but the higher the inorganic compound is given it inhibits the growth of leaf length (20 g, 35 g and 50 g). Fertilizers or inorganic compounds are given can only accelerating the growth of shoots, root length and wet weight in the Pistia stratiotes water plant (Table 5 and Figure 5). Daily growth rate: The percentage of daily growth of Pistia stratiotes on the treatment of several doses of inorganic compounds showed that the fastest daily growth occurred at 50 g treatment, with the growth of 18% per day. While at 0 g showed very slow growth (7.5% per day). Very slowly this growth is due to differences in the level of inorganic compounds given to the Pistia stratiotes. Besides environmental factors such as turbidity, temperature and availability of nutrients in the water can have an effect on water plants [25-27] (Table 6 and Figure 6). Influence of inorganic compound growth on growth: Based on the result of variance analysis test with SPSS application ver.17, at 35 g and 50 g of the inorganic compound showed the very real difference (Ho: rejected, F count Pistia stratiotes. The administration of inorganic compounds in Pistia stratiotes showed the very different effect on the treatment of 35 g and 50 g (Figure 7). Absorption of Pistia stratiotes water plant on nutrient elements (N and P): The most drastic Pistia stratiotes water absorption decreased to 7th day (middle), with N absorption (0.122 mg/L) and P (0.054 mg/L). After the 7th day until the 15th shows the elements of N and P increase again, because on observation day 9 and 12 shows the leaves of dead water plants and roots that fall into the bottom of the water. The leaves that fall to the bottom of these waters will become the envelope of nutrients in the culture medium. In addition, Pistia stratiotes also decreased in growth, ranging from growth of weight and root length because Pistia stratiotes have reached maximum absorption on the 7th day. Increased morphological size of Pistia stratiotes is due to its ability to absorb nutrients in the water medium used for its growth. Nutrients that are needed in sufficient quantities for plants are N and P. Other very important elements are K, Ca, Mg and S. This is possible because each plant has different capabilities to absorb and translocate nutrients [28]. In addition, each test plant has a maximum limit of nutrient absorption of different elements, so that when the nutrient absorption of plants to nutrients has reached the maximum limit, how much nutrients that exist in the planting medium, the plant will not absorb again [29].

Plants derive the ingredients necessary for growth through the roots by absorbing water from the surrounding environment by isotonic means. Roots also absorb minerals along with water absorption [30]. The transport of water and mineral salts is carried out by absorption by root cell cells, after passing through the root cells, which dissolves into the wood vessels (xylem) and then there will be vertical transport from root to stem to leaf, then taken to all parts of the plant by plant tissues, i.e., phloem [31].

Figure 8 shows that the more roots absorb the nutrients the darker the root color of the Pistia stratiotes. Dewi et al. [32], on root morphological observation, it is known that Pistia stratiotes roots begin to change color at the observation interval where the roots of plants are reddish or brown so that the petals are finally released from the stem. This happens because the root of Pistia stratiotes is part of the plant that first interacts directly with the water media, so the root organ will be quickly damaged compared to other organ parts of the plant in response to toxins from outside the plant body especially for aquatic plants [33]. In addition, the longer phytoremediation time also showed a change in the color of leaves that began to look yellowish green and in some plants appeared new shoots. Furthermore, Hall and Okali [34] said that leaf color changes to yellowish in some species can be caused by contamination of organic matter. The growth of new roots and buds may be the way plants survive [5] (Table 7). Water quality in culture media: Measurement of supporting parameters such as temperature and pH is done to determine the environmental conditions that can support the growth of Pistia stratiotes water plants. Research results on water quality parameters can be seen in Table 8. Based on Table 8 it can be seen that the increase of pH value at the end of observation is caused by photosynthesis of Pistia stratiotes water plants. Mara in Priyono [35], that in the process of photosynthesis intensive (daytime), free CO2 in water will be used up. Under these conditions, bicarbonate (HCO3) converts to CO2 and ions of OH+ [36]. The dominance by these hydroxyl ions results in increased pH in the waters [37] (Figure 9). The value of N and P analysis on the test media showed that on the 7th day there was a drastic decrease due to rapid absorption by the Pistia stratiotes water plants. Absorption of N and P is used for aquatic plants for the growth of these aquatic plants [3]. After the 7th day of N and P again rises due to the introduction of new organic matter from loose leaves. According to Idris [38], the presence of fluctuating nitrate in test media is a combination of dispersion by aquatic plants and the process of nitrification of ammonia and nitrite [39]. This is thought to occur because of the absorption of ammonia by low water plants and the ammonia undergoes a nitrification process that produces nitrate [40].

CONCLUSION

The growth of Pistia stratiotes in culture medium given inorganic compounds shows the growth of water plants biologically. The longest leaf growth and the fastest number of leaves occur in the treatment of inorganic compounds 15 g/10 L of water. In the treatment of inorganic compounds, 50 g/10 L can affect the weight gain of wet, root length, and new shoots. The fastest daily growth is in the 50 g treatment, with the growth of 18% per day. The result of SPSS ver.17 analysis showed that the effect was very different from the inorganic compound treatment of 35 g and 50 g/10 L water.

Pistia stratiotes were able to decrease N-nutrient N by 75% from initial nitrate and decrease of nutrient P by 20% up to day 7 (centre). After the 7th day the Pistia stratiotes aquatic plants must be removed from the waters, otherwise, the nutrients in the water will increase again due to the entry of nutrients from the Pistia stratiotes plant. Based on the research results, Pistia stratiotes showed nutrient absorption which is the result of decomposition of organic matter characterized by increasing biomass. Therefore, Pistia stratiotes water plants can be utilized as nutrient absorbent phytoremediation material (N and P) in the waters. 

1.       Abbasi SA, Nipaney PC, Panholzer MB (1991) Biogas production from the aquatic weed Pistia (Pistia stratiotes). Bioresour Technol 37: 211-214.

2.       Mbati G, Neuenschwander P (2005) Biological control of three floating water weeds, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta in the Republic of Congo. BioControl 50: 635-645.

3.       Šajna N, Haler M, Škornik S, Kaligarič M (2007) Survival and expansion of Pistia stratiotes L. in a thermal stream in Slovenia. Aquat Bot 87: 75-79.

4.       Tewari A, Singh R, Singh NK, Rai UN (2008) Amelioration of municipal sludge by Pistia stratiotes L.: Role of antioxidant enzymes in detoxification of metals. Bioresour Technol 99: 8715-8721.

5.       Dias V, Gomes AR (2006) The phytoremediation approach for the control of hydric pollution. In Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine 9: 437-443.

6.       Neuenschwander P, Julien MH, Center TD, Hill MP (2009) Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae). In Biological Control of Tropical Weeds using Arthropods, pp: 332-352.

7.       Paramitasari A (2014) Water plant ability Kiapu Pistia stratiotes and Kiambang Salvinia molesta in lead phytoremediation. Essay. Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism Faculty of Forestry Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor (Thesis) (Indonesian).

8.       Nahlik AM, Mitsch WJ (2006) Tropical treatment wetlands dominated by free-floating macrophytes for water quality improvement in Costa Rica. Ecol Eng 28: 246-257.

9.       Hermawati E, Solichatun W (2005) Phytoremediation of detergent waste using Apu wood (Pistia stratiotes L.) and Genjer (Limnocharis flava L.). J Bio SMART 7: 115-124.

10.    Bey Y, Wulandari S, Sukatmi (2007) Impact of fish pellet feeding on kiapu growth (Pistia stratiotes). Journal of Biology Education Program Department of PMIPA FKIP. Riau University. Pekanbaru.

11.    Pieterse AH (1978) Experimental control of flowering in Pistia stratiotes L. Plant Cell Physiol 19: 1091-1093.

12.    Li X, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Yang S, Sun X, et al. (2015) Physiological and proteomics analyses reveal the mechanism of Eichhornia crassipes tolerance to high-concentration cadmium stress compared with Pistia stratiotes. PLoS One 10.

13.    Rodrigues ACD, do Amaral Sobrinho NMB, dos Santos FS, dos Santos AM, Pereira ACC, et al. (2017) Biosorption of toxic metals by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) biomass. Water Air Soil Pollut 228.

14.    Odjegba VJ, Fasidi IO (2004) Accumulation of trace elements by Pistia stratiotes: Implications for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicology 13: 637-646.

15.    Rijal M (2014) Morphological studies of wood Apu (Pistia stratiotes) and Kiambang (Salvinia molesta). J Biol Sci Educ 3: 94-105.

16.    Gupta R, Tripathi P, Kumar R, Sharma A, Mishra A (2010) Pistia stratiotes (Jalkumbhi). Pharmacogn Rev 4: 153.

17.    Sridhar MKC (1986) Trace element composition of Pistia stratiotes L. in a polluted lake in Nigeria. Hydrobiologia 131: 273-276.

18.    Veselý T, Tlustoš P, Száková J (2012) Organic acid enhanced soil risk element (Cd, Pb and Zn) leaching and secondary bioconcentration in water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) in the rhizofiltration process. Int J Phytoremediation 14: 335-349.

19.    Sitrabio (2012) Absorption of plant nutritional elements. Available at: http://117sitrabio.blogspot.co.id/2012/11/applying-unsur-hara-on-the-plant

20.    Walstad D (2007) Plants and biologicals. Available at: http://www.geocities.com

21.    De AK, Sen AK, Modak DP, Jana S (1985) Studies of toxic effects of Hg(II) on Pistia stratiotes. Water Air Soil Pollut 24: 351-360.

22.    Dewald LB, Lounibos LP (1990) Seasonal growth of Pistia stratiotes L. in South Florida. Aquat Bot 36: 263-275.

23.    Chantiratikul A, Atiwetin P, Chantiratikul P (2008) Feasibility of producing selenium-enriched water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). J Biol Sci 8: 644-648.

24.    Sundaralingam T, Gnanavelrajah N (2014) Phytoremediation potential of selected plants for nitrate and phosphorus from ground water. Int J Phytoremediation 16: 275-284.

25.    Wheeler GS, Halpern MD (1999) Compensatory responses of Samea multiplicalis larvae when fed leaves of different fertilization levels of the aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 92: 205-216.

26.    Marín-Guirao L, Atucha AM, Barba JL, López EM, García Fernández AJ (2005) Effects of mining wastes on a seagrass ecosystem: Metal accumulation and bioavailability, seagrass dynamics and associated community structure. Marine Environ Res 60: 317-337.

27.    Ruiz JM, Romero J (2003) Effects of disturbances caused by coastal constructions on spatial structure, growth dynamics and photosynthesis of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Marine Pollut Bull.

28.    Fonkou T, Agendia P, Kengne I, Akoa A, His J (2002) Potentials of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) in domestic sewage treatment with macrophytic lagoon systems in Cameroon. International Symposium on Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Management, pp: 709-714.

29.    Yuliani DE, Sitorus S, Wirawan T (2013) Analysis of Ability Kiambang (Salvina molesta) to lower metal ion concentration Cu (III) on water growing media. J Chem Mulawarman 10.

30.    Harley KLS (1990) Production of viable seeds by water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L., in Australia. Aquat Bot 36: 277-279.

31.    Lu Q, He ZL, Graetz DA, Stoffella PJ, Yang X (2010) Phytoremediation to remove nutrients and improve eutrophic storm waters using water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res 17: 84-96.

32.    Dewi RK, Melani WR, Zulfikar A (2013) Effectiveness and efficiency of orthophosphate phytoremediation on detergent using kiambang (Pistia stratiotes) phytoremediation affectivity and efficiency of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) for detergent orthophosphate. S1 Program Study of Aquatic Resource Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, University Maritime Raja Ali Haji, 1-8. Retrieved from: http://jurnal.umrah.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Ratih-Kesuma-Dewi.-080210431049.pdf

33.    Prihastanti E (2010) Kandungan Klorofil Dan Pertumbuhan Semai Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Pada Perlakuan Cekaman Kekeringan Yang Berbeda Abstrak Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Plana. Bioma 12: 35-39.

34.    Hall JB, Okali DUU (1974) Phenology and productivity of Pistia stratiotes L. on the Volta Lake, Ghana. J Appl Ecol 11: 709-725.

35.    Priyono AT (2007) Effect of Pistia straiotes L. in water quality improvement. Essay. Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism Faculty of Forestry Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.

36.    Ugya AY, Imam TS, Tahir SM (2015) The use of Pistia stratiotes to remove some heavy metals from Romi stream: A case study of Kaduna refinery and petrochemical company polluted stream. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol 9: 48-51.

37.    Prajapati SK, Meravi N, Singh S (2012) Phytoremediation of chromium and cobalt using Pistia stratiotes: A sustainable approach. Proc Int Acad Ecol Environ Sci 2: 136-138.

38.    Mishima D, Kuniki M, Sei K, Soda S, Ike M, et al. (2008) Ethanol production from candidate energy crops: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). Bioresour Technol 99: 2495-2500.

39.    Idris IR (2014) Applications of Salvania molesta and Pistia stratiotes as bioremediation agents for improving Ebony Lake water quality of north Jakarta. Essay. Department of Water Resources Management Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.

40.    Das S, Goswami S, Das TA (2014) A study on cadmium phytoremediation potential of water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L. Bull Environ Contaminat Toxicol 92: 169-174. 

  • Table 1
  • Table 2
  • Table 3
  • Table 4
  • Table 5
  • Table 6
  • Table 7
  • Table 8
QUICK LINKS
RELATED JOURNALS

Index In

Easy Links

Journal Groups

Find Us

SciTech Central Inc.,
440 N BARRANCA AVE #2725
COVINA, CA 91723
United States. 
Tel: +1- 909-245-1470 
Toll Free: +1-888-880-9144 

Scitech Central is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License
Copyright © 2024 SciTech Central, All Rights Reserved