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The article gives the results of studies of the effect of soil and
fertilizer treatment on the productivity of winter wheat in the Ganja-Gazakh
zone of Azerbaijan. The positive effect of fertilizers on plants of winter
wheat is manifested only in well-cultivated soils with a reaction of the
environment close to neutral. At the same time it is proved that between the
intensity of the application of mineral fertilizers and the productivity of
grain crops around the world, a close direct dependence is established.
Consequently, the highest yield of grain here was obtained in the variant of
dung 10 t/ha + N90P90K60 57.1 c/ha, an
increase of 24.3 c/ha or 74.1%, where the yield increase by 40-50% is due to
the application of fertilizers.
Keywords: Winter wheat, Soil
treatment, Traditional, Minimal, Manure, Mineral fertilizers, Yield
INTRODUCTION
World science and practice at the present
stage of development in the field of agriculture convincingly prove the
possibilities of developing energy and resource-saving technologies for
cultivating agricultural crops.
The main directions of development envisage
the production of competitive products subject to the introduction of
minimization of soil cultivation on the basis of optimization of the structure
of sown areas and crop rotations, the fertilizer system, protection of soil
fertility and other parts of farming systems, taking into account the
soil-climatic features of the territory [1-3].
Resource-saving technologies in soil
cultivation are one of the most promising methods of land use, developed in our
time.
In this experiment, winter wheat was studied,
the yield of which was directly related to the cultivation of soil and the
application of organic and mineral fertilizers.
In the complex of agrotechnical measures that
contribute to obtaining high yields of food grain of winter wheat, fertilizers
have a leading role.
We, skillfully using fertilizers, tried to
improve the quality of grain, increasing its protein content, gluten content
and technological properties.
PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The purpose of our research is to study the
methods of soil and fertilizer cultivation, improve soil fertility and winter
wheat cultivation technology, which ensures higher yield and quality of grain
in the Ganja-Gazakh zone of Azerbaijan (Figure 1).
On the basis of the conducted studies it was
established that in order to obtain a high and high-quality harvest of winter
wheat grain and restore soil fertility on gray-brown long-irrigated soils of
this zone, it is recommended that farms (traditional loosening 20-22 cm) and
minimal tillage, using fertilizers annually in norm of manure is 10 t/ha +
N90P90K60. As a result, both cultivation of soil treatments and the rate of
fertilizers are recommended, in addition, after 3 years the minimum treatment
should be replaced by a traditional one [4,5].
Winter wheat is one of the main food crops in
Azerbaijan. In 2015, the total area of winter and spring wheat sowing in the
Republic was 539679 hectares, the total grain production was 1687681 tons, the average yield was 31.3
centner/ha [6].
In the Ganja-Gazakh zone, 48887 hectares, 154236 tons and 31.6
centner/ha, respectively and the place of the Samukh region's experience,
respectively, 4784 hectares, 15773 tons and 33.0 centner/ha [7-10].
Winter wheat is one of the most important, the most valuable and
high-yield cereal crops. Its value is that the grain is high in protein and
carbohydrates, along with spring wheat it is widely used in bakery, macaroni,
confectionery industry [6].
When cultivating agricultural crops, basic, pre-sowing and post-sowing
soil cultivation is carried out. They account for about 40% of energy and 25%
of labor costs [1].
Scientifically grounded soil cultivation provides accumulation and
preservation of moisture in the root zone, mobilization of nutrients, effective
control of weeds, diseases, pests, creation of optimal agrophysical conditions
for biological processes in the arable layer, growth and development of
cultivated plants [2].
The soil cultivation system in agriculture should be aimed at
maximizing the use of local bioclimatic resources, biological and
agro-technical methods for regulating the productivity of arable land [4].
Plant nutrition is the most important factor in the productivity of
crops.
Between the intensity of the application of mineral fertilizers and the
productivity of grain crops around the world, a close direct relationship has
been established.
The increase in yields by 40-50% is due to the use of fertilizers [9].
At the present stage of the development of agriculture, the main
direction in improving the mechanical treatment of the soil is its minimization
- a reduction in intensity due to a reduction in the number and depth of processing,
and the combination of a number of technological operations in one pass of the
aggregate along the field by using combined machines and tools [7].
In modern agricultural production, the issues of developing new
low-cost technologies for crop cultivation, effective removal of the causes of
soil degradation, as well as negative consequences of man-made impact on soil,
are more acute than ever.
One of the topical issues in the technology of growing grain crops is
resource conservation. It is well known that in traditional technologies, 50%
of the cost falls on the basic tillage in the form of plowing to a depth of
20-22 cm.
At the same time, there is very limited material on the effectiveness
of the surface and small-scale uncontaminated soil cultivation and very little
data on the results of the systematic application of zero processing to all
crops of crop rotation [5,8].
METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
The studies were conducted in 2012-2015 in the Central Experimental
Base of the Azerbaijan Research Institute of Cotton Growing located in the
western zone of Azerbaijan. The scheme of the experiment is two-factor (2 × 4)
with the following factors.
Factor a: Soil processing
1. Traditional
processing (loosening 20-22 cm),
2. Minimal
processing (10-12 cm of chisel).
Factor b: Doses of fertilizers
1) Without
fertilizer;
2) Manure
10 t/ha + N60P60K30;
3) Manure
10 t/ha + N90P90K60;
4) The
manure is 10 t/ha + N120P120K90.
The precursor of winter wheat was cotton.
The soil of the experimental site is carbonate, long irrigated, gray-brown
and easily loamy.
The content of nutrients decreases from top to bottom in the meter
horizon.
According to the accepted gradation in the country, agrochemical
analysis shows that these soils are poorly provided with nutrients and require
the use of organic and mineral fertilizers.
The content of total humus in the 0-30 layer and 60-100 cm, 2.15-0.85%,
gross nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium, respectively, is 0.15-0.06%; 0.13-0.07%
and 2.39-1.51%, absorbed ammonia 18.0-6.5 mg/kg, nitrate nitrogen 9.7-2.6
mg/kg, mobile phosphorus 15.8-4.5 mg/kg, exchange potassium 263.5-105.3 mg/kg,
pH of the aqueous suspension is 7.8-8.4 (in potentiometer).
And also the physico-chemical composition of the soils of the
experimental site was studied.
Experimental fields are characterized by a high sum of exchange bases,
reaching in the plowing layer 29.8 meq/100 g soils.
With depth, it decreases; reaching a minimum in the layer of 60-100 cm
is 21.1 meq/100 g of soil. Soil density is 1.19-1.31 g/cm3,
respectively. Agrotechnics of growing of winter wheat of “Gobustan” variety is
traditional for the zone. The total plot area is 56 m2, accounting
50.4 m2, the repetition is three-fold, the location of the plots is
randomized. Annually manure, phosphorus and potassium were brought in autumn
for plowing, nitrogen fertilizers were used in spring 2 times as a fertilizer.
Experience was laid down by methodical instructions by the method of
comb-seeding at the rate of 200 kg/ha.
As mineral fertilizers, nitrogen-ammonium nitrate, phosphorus-simple
superphosphate, potassium-sulfate potassium are used here.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the traditional
treatment of soils, on average, over the years of research, the collection of
winter wheat grain in a fertilizer-free version amounted to 32.8 c/ha (Figure 2).
In the variant, the manure 10 t/ha + N60P60K30
the grain yield is 40.1 c/ha, the increment is 7.3 c/ha or 22.3%.
The highest yield of grain was obtained in the variant of manure 10 t/ha
+ N90P90K60 57.1 c/ha, an increase of 24.3
c/ha or 74.1%. With a further increase in the doses of mineral fertilizers on
the background of manure (N120P120K90), the
grain collection increased insignificantly 50.0 c/ha, the increment was 17.2
c/ha (52.4%) of grain. Mathematical processing of the obtained data showed
their reliability: P=1.38-2.47%; E=0.58-1.16 centner/ha.
With minimal soil treatment, on average, for the years of research, the
collection of winter wheat grain in an unsophisticated version amounted to 30.6
c/ha (Figure 3).
In the variant, manure 10 t/ha + N60P60K30
grain yield 37.0 c/ha, an increase of 6.4 c/ha or 21.0%. The highest grain
yield was obtained in the variant of dung 10 t/ha + N90P90K60
53.4 c/ha, an increase of 22.8 c/ha or 74.5%. With a further increase in the
doses of mineral fertilizers on the background of manure (N120P120K90),
the grain collection increased insignificantly 47.2 c/ha, the increment was
16.6 c/ha (54.3%) of grain.
Mathematical processing of the obtained data showed their reliability:
Р=1.83-2.50%; E=0.75-1.06 t/ha.
CONCLUSION
Thus, on the basis of the studies carried out, it can be concluded that
in order to obtain a high and qualitative harvest of winter wheat grain and
restore fertility of soils on gray-brown, long-irrigated soils to this zone, it
is recommended that traditional farms (loosening 20-22 cm) and minimal tillage,
also the use of fertilizers annually in the norm of manure is 10 t/ha + N90P90K60
kg/ha. As a result, both cultivation of soil treatments and the rate of
fertilizers are recommended, in addition, after 3 years the minimum treatment
should be replaced by a traditional one.
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