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Determination of optimal fertilizer norms under
tomato vegetation related to vegetable growing is a very important issue. For
this purpose, the influence of various norms of nitrogen on the background of
organic fertilizers on the background of the biometric data of the “Preliminary”
tomato varieties, the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of
tomato bushes have been studied. Also, the biochemical indicators of tomatoes
were studied. It has been shown that no fertilization of the fertilizers in the
fertilizer (10 t/ha) + N90P90K90 was observed
in the fertilizer, but the tomato fruit weight and diameter increased, and the
nitrates contained in it did not exceed the norm.
Keywords: Tomato,
Nitrogen, Plant height, Fruit
INTRODUCTION
The intensive
growth of the world population and the restriction of soil and water resources
caused a serious problem for the safety of human nutrition in the world. Only
3% of water resources of fresh water. According to the report of FAO, if in any
country the amount of fresh water is less than 1700m3/capita, this
country faces a shortage of serous water. Currently, the share of fresh water
per capita in less than 100 m3 in 18 countries is more than 2000 m3
in 22 countries. Consequently, Azerbaijan is one of the countries with a
shortage of water resources problems in the sphere of agricultural production
and the population as a whole. Therefore, it is necessary and take into account
for this purpose the optimum humidity and ground temperature in the production
management system up to the agricultural product, which is necessary first of
all for making operative decisions when developing environmentally friendly
technology for growing crops to achieve maximum yield. However, it should be
recognized that of the number of crops grown in these conditions, and tomatoes
occupy a special place, which requires a special approach to solving the
problems ahead [1-3].
Tomatoes are one of
the most cultivated vegetables in the world. Fertilization with nitrogen is due
to an increase in the amount of photosynthesis source, affecting the growth of
vegetative growth and biomass [4]. Growth phase and environmental conditions
should be taken into account when selecting the optimum nitrogen norm according
to the requirements of the fertilized plant.
However, during the
growth phase, producers typically tend to restrict the use of nitrogen because
excessive dose may cause excessive growth of vegetative growth. In fact, it
provides growth of vegetative growth from reproductive development, leads to
frustration, fertility loss, insect damage, as well as increased herbal
diseases and contribute to the weak development of flower, fruits and their
size. This is basically true in the most favorable conditions during high
rainfall and humidity. In order to increase productivity in fruits and
reproductive development, the norm of nitrogen is increased.
Nitrogen deficiency results in the faded leaves of the plants and their neck low. First of all, due to the circulation of nutrients in the plant, the deficiency is manifested in older leaves.The flowers begin to play in dark yellow, and in the sharp state of nitrogen deficiency, they are poured, fruits are smaller, which affects productivity. Excessive nitrogen fertilization results in the formation of dark green leaves. Although the number of flowers is very high, buds remain intact. It also prevents flowers, fruits and their formation, and increases the inclination of the plant to bend, banish disease and attack the pests [4].
Increase in the
norm of nitrogen fertilizer from 0 to 200 kg/ha leads to the increase of tomato
productivity and improvement of fruit quality. There are important differences
between the nutritional quality of organic and traditional grown tomatoes.
Carotenoid
accumulation and antioxidant activity in organic tomatoes grows. Nitrogen is
one of the key elements of plant growth and development. It plays an important
role in the nutrition of plants, and is thus factor limiting plant productivity
in many areas, especially in weak organic lands. Nitrogen fertilizers are often
transported on land, polluting soil and groundwater. So it should be controlled
for nitrogen fertilizer: the norm, the type of nitrogen fertilizer, and the
duration of delivery [3].
The purpose of this
research is to evaluate the effect of the amount of nitrogen on the background
of organic fertilizers in collecting common nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
in the quality of tomatoes and tomato bushes on gray-brown soils (Figure 1).
The amount of sunny hours is 2400-2500 per
year. The climate is very dry - the spring is warm and long, the winter is
moderate. Average annual temperature is -14°С. The lowest temperatures are
2.8-3.4°C in January and 25.5-25.7°C in July. Favorable conditions for the
development of plants continue from March to October.
In the study area average annual sediments
are 150-300 mm. Rainfall in summer is very coincident and its duration is
short. Biological and biochemical processes in the study area are subject to
acute shortage of moisture.
Water sources are very poor. The water for
irrigation is taken from the Absheron canal. Artificial irrigation is needed
for the normal development of vegetable crops [5].
The experiments were conducted with “Primary”
tomato sort. “Primary” sort was obtained by crossing the 294-VD1-D1-DVK-DVK
and Brigantine varieties [2].
“Initial” is the first localized localized
sort of canned food. The handle is ordinary, determinant type, medium leaf. The
leaves are of ordinary type, large (28-37 cm), green, surface is
brittle. Flowerpots are simple, medium-sized (13-16 cm).
According to the length of the vegetation
period, “Initial” is a group of medium-grown varieties. Thus; the length of the
period from the occurrence of the mass seedlings to the first fruits is 110.
The experiments were performed 4 times for
the purpose of obtaining high yields from “primary” tomato varieties, with the
area of each unit 15.12 m2 being 70 cm in diameter and 30 cm from
the plant distance [1,2].
The scheme of practice is as follows:
1. Control
(no fertilizer)
2. Pentecost
(10 t/ha) + N0P90K90 (Background)
3. Background
+ N30
4. Background
+ N60
5. Background
+ N90
After tomato seedlings were buried in
mid-May, soil fertilized, nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3
- 34%), where nitrogen is 25% of the total norm. One month later, as a
first-fertilizer fertilizer, carbamide fertilizer (CO (NH2) - 46%)
was added to the soil, where nitrogen was 50% of the total norm and a month
later, again and nitrogen constitutes 25% of the total norm.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The height and root of the plant during
adulthood: In the experimental field a number of observations have been made on
tomato plant. The length of the tomato leaf was measured centrally from the
ground to the highest point of the plant (on 10 plants) and the common figure
was removed. Also, the root length of the plant is measured. The results are
given in Table 1.
As
seen from Table 1, the height of the
tomato plant is higher than the effect of fertilizers given in 72 days
(fertilization): 10 kg/ha + N0P90K90 in the
nitrogen value of 30 kg of active substance in the background, cm or 13.8% in
the same nitrogen variant with 60 kg of active substance in the same
background, on an average of about 8.7 cm or 14.7% of a plant in the same
nitrogen variant with 90 kg of active substance, height increased by 12.2 cm or
20.6%.
Also, the root length of the tomato plant has
increased by an average of 9.5 cm or 46.3% compared to the control variants in
the nitrogen variant with 90 kg of active substance on the background (10 t/ha)
+ N0P90K90.
Nutrients in the plant's arm during
adulthood: During the growing period of tomato herbicides, two cane roots were
removed from each variant, both large and small.
The tomatoes on them were torn, and the plant
branches were dried in the shade, then dried in a thermostat.
Then, the roots, stems and leaves of the
plant were mixed, and the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were
analyzed.
The results are given in Table 2. As can be seen from the table, the amount of nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium in the tomato plant does not exceed the norm in all
variants..
Weight
and diameter of ripe tomatoes: Each sample was taken from 10 ripe tomatoes,
weighted and diameter was measured, then a common figure was found (Table 3). As shown in Table 3, as the nitrogen norms
increase, tomato fruit weight and diameter increase also. Of course, as a
background, manure, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are also provided.
Biochemical indicators of tomatoes
A sample of tomatoes was sampled and analyzed
from the nitrogen variant with 90 kg of active ingredient in the background of
10 t/ha of the experimental scheme. As a result of biochemical analysis it was
found out that the content of “Ilkin” tomato was 7.5%, sugar was 3.6%, total
acidity was 0.39%, vitamin C was 24.86%, nitrate was 96.7 ppm. As it has been
seen here, the norm of nitrogen has not been exceeded in the amount of nitrates
contained in the tomatoes for the open field [6].
CONCLUSION
Compared to the results of the observations,
the amount of nitrogen given as an ingredient in the background (10 t/ha) + N0P90K90,
compared with the control variant, increased by 12.2 cm or 20.6% and was 71.5
cm. The weight and diameter of the tomato fruit has also increased, and there
are no adverse effects in biochemical parameters (Figure 1).
Also, the removal of fertilizers to the norm
(10 t/ha) + N90P90K90 from the control
(fertilized) variant did not result in excessive accumulation of excess
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the tomato plant.
REFERENCES
1. Aliyeva KA (2018) Absheron in the gray-brown soils of tomato in the biometric indicators and on the background of organic fertilizers. ANAS Soil Science and Agrochemistry 23: 365-368.
2. Babayev AH, Aliyeva ZQ, Huseynov HA (2012) Methodological aids for the initial seeding of Tohum's open field, Ilkin, Leyla, sugar and perspective victory varieties. Baku 46.
3. De Pascale S, Tamburrino R, Maggio A, Barbieri G, Fogliano V, et al. (2006) Effect of nitrogen fertilization on the nutritional value of organically and conventionally grown tomatoes. Acta Hort 700: 107-110.
4. Jones JB (1999) Tomato plant culture: In the field, greenhouse and home garden. CRC Press LLC. Florida. USA, p: 199.
5. Hasanov YC (2013) Monitoring of agrophysical properties of irrigated soils of Azerbaijan. Baku, p: 230.
6. Tei F, Benincasa P, Guiducci M (2002) Critical nitrogen concentration in processing tomato. Eur J Agronomy 18: 45-55.
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